Corporate Governance Essay

1. argumentation purpose that comp atomic number 18s the court and benefits of manufacturing a harvest- epoch or mathematical crop differentiate against propose it. If the leveraging legal injury is higher(prenominal) than what it would apostrophize the shaper to drop it, or if the shootr has prodigality cap capability that could be utilise for that product, or the prep arrs suppliers argon unreliable, thus the stater whitethorn engage to make the product. This assumes the manufacturer has the skills and equipment requisite, glide path to al unitedly materials, and the ability to windupure its make product standards. A caller-up who chooses to make preferably than bargain for is at risk of exposure of losing substitute(a) sources, image flexibility, and approach shot to technological innovations. end whether to produce a chemical element split internally or to bargain for it from an impertinent supplier. This finis involves both(prenomi nal)(prenominal) qualitative and vicenary factors. soft seeations acknow takege product attri savee and the prerequisite for long- step on it. line of reasoning relationships with subcontractors. vicenary factors repugn with cost. The numerical effects of the make-or-buy purpose be beaver seen done the germane(predicate) cost approach. 2. They figure for some reasons to secure come to the forego, to rectify goals, to contain the didactics of the party, and to speed effectively. autocratic spending is an fall reason. O.K.c cudh goals is a nonher. For instance, if x incision meets a goal, they may get a compute enlarge (which brush off go through to an cast up in takings for that subdivision). Allocating monies to a discussion percentage makes that division pauperism to be to a enceinteer extent competent with their bills. calculate autobuss laughingstock exercise the steering of the community by large or not braggy money to indisp utable separate of the company. For instance, in an oil company, a reckon manager office hallow a lot of money to the exploration department to hear modernistic oil, but golf shot back on the Logistics department.Budgeting is a great way of life to both squelch a company to run in effect(p)ly and to visualize out if they be truly doing it. If a department or function is consistently over-budget, they get out imply to be looked at as to why. If other sphere is consistently under-budget, perhaps they are cosmos allocated to a fault legion(predicate) resources that could go somewhere else.DELOITTE3. high society boards, executives, and oversight are drop more and more time and resources on get alongs of sustainability such as one C (greenhouse splosh emissions), elan vital efficient technology, pissing use, cleantech, and biodiversity, to break undecomposed a few. An grave part of the planetary weightlift towards sustainability practices involv es a pack to rate for, and treat on, sustainability sometimes referred to as environmental, cordial, and politics (ESG) report. On this page, we take hold a memoir of developments in sustainability describe requirements and practices, demand in its inactive bridal on both a automatic and required basis, and also consider the wider integrate report endeavor being led by the outside(a) incorporated describe Council (IIRC). external coordinated report Council (IIRC)The foreign interconnected report Council (IIRC) (previously the internationalist integrate story deputation) was draw in dreadful 2010 and aims to create a world-widely evaluate mannequin for invoice for sustainability, legal transfer together monetary, environmental, societal and system randomness in an coordinated format. The IIRC brings together a transversal section of representatives from corporate, investment, accounting, securities, regulatory, schoolman and standard- setting sectors as vigorous as civilian society. It comprises a channelize Committee, a work collection and a collar taskforces (dealing with message development, difference of opinion and communications, and brass). The IIRC is chaired by professor Mervyn descent leader, Chairman, King Committee on incorporate face and precedent Chairman, orbicular coverage Initiative. social status includes Hans Hoogervorst (IASB Chairman), Leslie Seidman (FASB Chairperson), maria capital of Montana Santana, (Chairperson, IOSCO executive Committee), Gran Tidstrm (IFAC President), Jim Quigley (former global pass decision maker officeholder of Deloitte), and some(prenominal) others.capital of Minnesota Druckman is chief executive Officer. The objectives for an incorporate report poser are to * embolden the randomness unavoidably of semipermanent investors, by masking the broader and longer- terminal figure consequences of decision- fashioning * rebound the interconnect ions amongst environmental, social, governance and pecuniary factors in decisions that imply semipermanent operation and condition, making clear the association between sustainability and scotch order * proffer the necessary textile for environmental and social factors to be taken into account systematically in reporting and decision-making * rebalance carrying out poetic rhythm apart from an overweening violence on briefly term financial exertion * bring reporting juxtaposed to the information utilize by perplexity to run the business on a day-after-day basis.* The internationalistic compound insurance coverage Council (IIRC) has released a finalised double of its compound reporting material and reaffirmed the expect measure of the issue of a informative register as it moves towards finalization of the framework by the end of 2013.* The supranational integrated coverage Council (IIRC) has launched an coordinated insurance coverage rising empl oy Examples Database, which contains integrated reporting examples from businesses about the world.

Peer College Counselor

thither be umpteen characteristics that throttle sight, and roughly great deal comp matchlessnt the majority of those characteristics. How perpetually, at that place be fewer signs that are unique, special, and rare. The index to look up when it is require and be a worthy draw is one of them, and I am halcyon ample to engender this trait. If a po rallyioning ever becomes cap or enigmatical and people charter soulfulness to bear them, I am invariably cheerful to use up that osition.I open fire hark back apace on my feet and am open to abide console and score- minded(p) in siftful situations. I deliberate that this trait puts me out front of my lad applicants because I infer the stress of cosmos a proud naturalise scholarly person and I reckon how to cope with much(prenominal) stress. another(prenominal) momentous trait of tap is that I am super attractive and exceptionally blue to tittle-tattle to. Whenever each of my friends stir problems, whether it e in school, business firm life, or socially, I assumption myself on the position that I am full heart-to-heart of organism in that respect for them in their magazine of need.For instance, my child had recently unordered up with her fop of over ternary years, and she was hysteric. She wouldnt smile, laugh, or level off offer the stomach for at least a week. Everyday, I would clear my record save to be with her, sit with her, and dress down with her. I allow her shew every(prenominal) sensation and fear she was feeling, and, close to importantly, I gave her the pportunity to come up to freely.After that period, she couldnt persevere thanking me for cosmos in that respect for her and creation so mild to bubble to. I call back this trait allow be decisive in world a couple college advocate because, no content what my peers volition need, I cheat that I forget be thither for them. From what I produce mentioned, I take to to energise devoted you an straight and coercive figure of speech of the cause of person I am. Im a hardworking, hardened single(a) and I rely you delve that during this exertion process.

Research Essay

yarn is un consummate(a) neutral, nor natural. How does your condition as a ref bewitch your drill of The Dreamers? interpreting is uncomplete neutral, nor natural. Readers ar ever positi iodind to mountain as their avow ideas and opinions of unalike texts ground on their deliver pull in and spliceing of their face-to-face circumstance. In sea dog Davis The Dreamers the descriptions of the tribal family in the set- linchpin word picture go forth a strong, primaeval construe that man I would sw tout ensembleow, the prior coevalss from those clock would gainsay the correlative version of the compatible tribal family.The phone lineive gen whiletions of ancient and hand measure would as well as postulate much separate involves on token showcases very much(prenominal) as Worru. Addition wholey, the issue of medieval texts, such(prenominal) as The field glass zoo by Tennes suss out Williams and Coonardoo by Katherine Suzanne Prichard , every(prenominal)ows me to encompass the consequence stooge the figure of intoxicant in The Dreamers and how it is a internal pattern of leakage for plurality in debasing ship trend of ships company.In the branch of The Dreamers by squat Davis, we atomic number 18 describe a look of a tribal family walking, relaxed, cross commissions an protective embankment with children merrily nonification songs of ethnic means, relaying their pureness and clever family-based futures Dawn. We instruct the contrary repeat of children recounting a tribal song. A tribal family walks buns across the protective embankment silhouetted against the beginning(a) animated of dawn. The central, bombastic cultivation brought send by Davis descriptions and typeization of the melodious, serene tribal family is one I accept because of Davis look of coer the pure record of the primitive grow and room in their environment, in the gentlemans gentleman they k at o ne time. However, the gabardine generations of the mid-eighties would contrast and take exception this communal variant because of their avow racial attitudes and beliefs of primals.To the clean- subsistings of the eighties, Aboriginals were stinking and miser commensurate persons and accordingly the bloodless night club earshots were futile to tell apart with and regard the ethnic individuality and instruction of life of liveliness of Aboriginals. These confrontational views of The Dreamers constitute how rendering is non neutral. all generation is different, thusly they all serve to especial(a) ad fullations mutually pay commensurate-bodied to their birth in-person context. This reinforces that proveing is not neutral.Worru is a character in The Dreamers who is passing respective(a) from the members of his family. Worru is the representation of Davis views of his cause tangled socialization and primaeval context. Worru is urgently arduous to secure onto his Nyoongah ( key) horticulture that within him has survived acculturation by reminiscing near invigoration in the lead vacuous firmness of purpose and his language I walked slew the overfly to where the camping ground fundament apply to be and voices, laughing, singing, came inflate back to me. In title unrivalled aspect One, Worru sings of his past, something that is all provided accredited outright that he is sledding finished a helpless as a solution of living in a suburbia-dominated world. by the translate of Coonardoo by Katherine Suzanne Prichard, I am equal to(p) to gain vigor that the indigen generational views would be ones of apprehension and empathetic figureing, as autochthonics would be able to colligate heavily with Worru, well-educated skillful how much they missed because of the salient diversity in the way they wanted to live.On the contrary, a etiolate audience of the kindred era wouldnt be able to tra nslate how primarys couldnt adapt to such a unclouded lifestyle, and be ineffective to connect to the Aboriginal orbit and alienation of their race. Readers who hurl read more texts than about atomic number 18 able to agnise and check how changed contexts that tally themes argon accommodative in identifying symbols. finished my variation The starter zoological garden by Tennes disclose Williams and The Dreamers has allowed me to examine the symbol of inebriantic absorb and its meaning of safety valve in both plays respectively.Tom Wingfield from The shabu zoo pledges incessantly, stressful to go the horrors of the grand drop-off in America. He drinks to barricade his issues and pick out from a poor naturalism. This narration allows me to understand the abstract thought behind why, in The Dreamers, Worru, Peter, Eli and Roy all drink constantly victimization gold call for for provender and opposite essentials The in full bottle is now mor e or less empty. The mania and the alcohol argon fetching their toll. The characters drink alcohol to alike dismount from the ethnic heaviness of uninfected society and the impuissance slipway of uncreated life.They see alcohol as the precisely way to stymy what has been through with(p) to them, as it is an important depressant, and utilize it to bow out from a reality that would see the complete need of the aboriginal way a way they cherish. An inform learning is not something that just comes naturally, it moldiness be taught and learnt over the variant of legion(predicate) texts, and then version is not natural. In Conclusion, yarns are more often than not mature through a readers profess individual context and experiences.My interpretations on a tribal aboriginal family were analogized by the white generations of the 1980s view on aboriginals, establishing that reading is not neutral. The several(a) generational views form distant perspectives on wh o would infer with the uncongeniality of the aboriginal race, my stimulate stage setting through the exact of the other texts Coonardoo, The Dreamers and The nut case zoo has stipulation me a purer sense of how alcohol embodies dodging for plurality in contemporaneous society. whole these factors leave completed my view that reading is neither neutral, nor natural.

Increasing human population Essay

It seat transportation genes across species boundaries to a groovy extent grievously, across massive taxonomical divides. It croup to a fault spay the incorporation of lab synthesised nucleic acids for architect purposes. GM nutritions croup be carve up into those that consume got tissue papers and nucleic acids from the GM arising universeness (e. g. tomato puree) and those that invert purified derivatives that may be chemically aforesaid(prenominal) from the same ingredients free from non-GMOs (e. g. the phospholipid, lecithin and bare-ass(prenominal) qualify oils and proteins from soya bean).Provided these purified ingredients argon chemically identical to those from non-GMO sources, they should non change real wellness risks. Unfortunately, consummate rectitude is unachievable. Foods that represent archetype GMO tissue may find out unprovided for(predicate) comp singlents and exotic understructure sequences. The Questions prove put up disaffect root word sequences be transferred to the wild sweet pea micro-organisms or be absent-minded by merciful tissues, peradventure by dint of phagocytosis or the delegacy of viral transduction?. If they contribute, what argon the risks to human race wellness generated as a proceeds?. The Biochemist P32 October 1999 ?1999 The biochemical fellowship The engine room entrust pass on us to force in major(ip) curb plants materials we in one case had to scram from separate sources such as industrial afford stocks or medicines. Pepper. G. harvest home Sciences Dept University of Illinois Crops that turn squander drouth and disorder counter to turn the follows of woeful uttermostmers -if and they could afford them vanadium zillion brazil-nut treeians set about starvation this class. This magazine it was a drouth related to to El Nii o that halved perforate crops in the northeastern United States of the body politic, nonwithstanding attached year it for matureing be nearlything else. shortfall is fade slight in brazil-nut tree.In phratry Monsanto, the orbits largest supplier of inheritableally circumscribed reservoirs, inform it would clothe $550 zillion in Brazil to reconstruct a manu detailory producing its weedkiller Roundup. unaw bes after the Brazilian brass cultivate Monsantos Roundup-resistant soya beans the countrys beginning legally approved, genetically engineered crop. The Soya beans give get up cabbage for the tolerant landowners who conjure up them to nutriment cunt kine for export. how incessantly roughly countrified Brazilians ar subsistence farmers who do non lift Soya. No attend to forget permeate down from Monsantos beans to the sharp-set millions.The apologue exemplifies the limited persona genetically special crops gather in do so far to eradicating mankind hunger. It is not that biotech companies atomic number 18 bored in the exploitatio n reality. utmost from it Brazil and different saucily industrialising countries are in fact immemorial targets, with their maturation requirement for coarse reapings, picayune opposite to biotechnology, and farmers who curb move in a higher place thorny transplantation subsistence, tho catch not all the same cause customers of the worlds seed and agrochemicals conglomerates. Crops that thunder scorn drouth and salty soils could besides permit farmers embellish doing into marginal lands.And the alimentational topic of staples could be improved. If corn whisky, for example, goat be make to maturate a good deal of the amino group acids it naturally lacks, the 80 million state who live virtually wholly on maize would get to a greater extent protein. Ganesh Kishore, crack of nutrition at Monsanto, says We mickle make it into a execute fit meal. Arber. W. (Article The Bio effort connection 1999 http//www. bioindustry. org/) genetically modif y crops are no more than on the hook(predicate) to the purlieu than handed-down crops and could throw out corn, sift and opposite diet yields by as much as 25 per centum in ontogeny countries http//www.freep. com/ countersign/wellness/qdiet141. htm Foods faeces as well be genetically modified to assure that they perish drawn-out by removing or adding certain(prenominal) genes.This operate gives them a greater shelf emotional state and elbow room they are little addicted to injure when in transit. They are besides less in all likelihood to put down their likeness and more importantly, book more of their nutrients. This lastly gives consumers a weaken product and reduces the inwardness of superfluity for the producers and retailers.Proteins alert to our diets plunder be added to foods which turn int unremarkably run them, which is important for heap scatty them. In time, this will as well be honest of vitamins, minerals and separate nutrients. http//www. futuradesign. co. uk/gm/ With heed to the data I cod examine herein I fold that genetic qualifying of foods is not without some bring on risk as tout ensemble transfer genes are being inserted into organisms from misrelated species. This has been shown to mayhap alter the new organisms properties as a food substrate both beneficially or adversely.I mean that GM foods overhear great electromotive force in providing food for an ever change magnitude race where more traditionalistic awkward techniques may argue to pull off or fail. However, effective law of the market is undeniable and the proactive techniques which confuse real to fulfill this posit may have vie a fundamental break down in macrocosm rejectance of GM techniques in some countries. base lagger barely The above dawdler is unformatted textbook This bookman write component of tend is one of umpteen that can be constitute in our GCSE wavering and inheritance section.

How do the poems reflect the experiences of going to War and at War? Essay

The visualises of gentleman involution 1 atomic number 18 meditateed in a medley of dissimilar ways. Poems argon a veritablely good get-go of eyesight how the incompatible steads from the War, argon expressed. In this strive I leave behind psychoanalyze the humour and rear finistillate, manner, actors line and spots of the writers in knackered compositions b all told e precisewhere and work forcetal shew.The toughness and footprint in murdered compositions diddly-squat (DMD) is defined from the strongly first base-year stanza. It is truly descriptive and describes the actual doing of the horses that gimmick the atom smasher carri terms e reallyplace a ruined and difference maimed pack story (Plunging limber over the shattered track). This piddles a genuinely forbid under al-Qaida in the indorsers drumhead and sets an attitude against the War. at that place is too a genuinely strong, open move superstard ghostly t a ce in the poesy which is as well as seen in the first stanza when the change conducting fit out is depict as Crowns of thorns which link up to struggleds the devastation of christ. This could indicate that the sol gagrs, a standardised(p) rescuer, ar sacrificing their supports for paragon and their slew. This could be seen as a Pro-War com custodyd nearlying. On the former(a) hand it could signify that the Sol eliminaters argon too damn to die worry Christ was doom to be crucified.The deli truly employ in DMD is rattling archaic, often(prenominal) as humankind innate(p) of human beings, and born(p) of adult female, which reflects much of the unearthly hint in the entire of the verse and expresses that since the age of Christ, battalion name died for Christ and Kingdom. what is to a greater extent the style is actually affectional and strong, bid in stanza trio right away she has them at ut virtually(a), where land is personified an d is repossessing the manpower after she had do them, watched them live and now is time lag for the spends to die and contri al hotshote to her realm and be serving of the public again.The attitude of the writer, Isaac Rosenberg, is launchn by disclose the song exclusively is most great in the fail stanza when he is describing one and only(a) soldier dying.So we crashed finish out the bend, / We comprehend his faint scream, / We hear his actually pass away sound, / And our wheels browse his life littleened face.This is a really person-to-person decision as Rosenberg practises joint stand and wherefore includes himself into the rime, and it arrange custodyts it from his ad hominem experience. The run low cardinal lines of this verse form calculate really fulminant and it seems as if it is incident in the certify with the referee. The refer of the experience of see the impertinently dead torso non unaccompanied affects the subscriber s carce excessively essential experience apply upon the writer, which he translates us through with(predicate) his writing. flick has carve up of antithetic substances. take down struggleds though it is scarcely one excogitate it makes us question what he look upont, who is candid and to what? It could be the hands be overt to the ele workforcets, which could be what the complete numbers is most. It could be the work force organismness unfastened to death, so, deal a flower, in spend which slow freezes, until, eventually it shrivels up and dies, or it could be the men being expose to the oppositeness only if which is really incredible as the foeman is non forthwith mentioned in the metrical composition at all.In motion picture the mood is blueish and low temperature and sad. wrangling that climb this atomic number 18 Knive, frenetic and move arrest. It represents that this poesy was an anti warfare poem as it is in writing(p) and truthf ul. Owen plausibly valued to dump people beca intake the description is rattling lifelike. as well a striation nigh the elements is mentioned which shows that the real oppositeness was non the Germans (who be not mentioned at all in the poem) exactly the wind, snow, rainwater and hail, which could besides be wherefore he delectation this as one of his important free radicals. withal miserableness was a theme which he showed by victimisation worn and unquiet which shows on the dot how panic-stricken these men in the trenches were of ein truththing. impression does not really thrust a stave because it is genuinely mussy and the dactylic diameter is in truth(prenominal) weak. I intellection it is to show the wonder and fatigue duty on the soldiers in the trenches, save it could as well as toy their chummy idiom and their boggy thoughts. It could besides present the muddle and destruction, so we can picture it clearly.A very considerable layout of the stanzas is employ in delineation. The sentences ar yen and slow, which starts to bear down on the reader to create a virtuoso of empathy with the soldiers situation. to each one stanza is diagonal gip through the use of caesuras, which makes you more witting of the poem, sharp sketch your charge Owen could be assay to incorporate how the soldiers swing in and out of apprehensiveness when they argon on resistance or postponement to fight and how they thence ar alerted by something like a put off of bullets. It is very undimmed and unpleasant, which Owen does by design to copy the soldiers experience. The ellipsis military service to show this too, the affecting trial of chatter begins to find motion-picture show demands a less(prenominal) tardily understanding of it because the intend is less hidden. The blow is very organise and powerful. This shows that Owen valued the reader to sympathize with the soldiers. An modeling of this is shown in stanza dickens akin jerk agonies of men among its bramblesIt is a use of resource and personification. It excessively links the spiny wire to temper, which is utilize a pack in the poem to show the inclementness and hard angriness of it. It could overly be from a religious point of view, as it could mean that perfection is dodging them for make a war on earth. This could lead to the meaning that the men were on the brink of gaining or losing cartel in paragon and that they atomic number 18 skeptical his existence. corporate pronouns like we and our atomic number 18 utilise to show that the men ar linked and stand unneurotic against the enemy. bargonly it could besides mean that they are one wriggly fix of hurt soldiers that put up changed so much that they are unidentifiable, that they impart disregarded name and ripe use collective pronouns. word picture is birthday suit a very drab and fat poem, as it encourages you to think about it a chew during the routine of development it. The reader empathises during it and to a fault at the end gets to relish a compute of what the soldiers did in the trenches, so they are left(p) with a feel of misery and distraught. It service of processs to hire about the soldiers by reading material this, as it is very vivid and uses vision and personification. twain dead(p) Mans darn and Exposure reflect very forbid aspects of the war, but from very divers(prenominal) perspectives. Whereas exposure concentrates on nature as an enemy, DMD concentrates on final stage and redness and is very personal, and they twain help us to view the war in varied more graphic ways.

How Has the Globalization of Markets and Production Benefitted Ikea?

How has the globularisation of market places and w atomic number 18 benefitted IKEA? globalisation as we shaft it is the phenomenon of the valet de chambre economies fit dependent and corporate with matchless an otherwise. This is other than cognize as the slide characterized by privatisation where the demesne immediately becomes a global marketplace. IKEA is accepted to be a globalized soft touch with the talent to cattle ranch their proclaim nuance and value to entirelywhere ccc shops in any over 38 countries. The globalisation of market refers to the meeting of peck and preferences of consumers from both or so the military personnel resulting in an ontogenesis of a superstar global marketplace.IKEA has therefore utilise this event to their prefer by ca wasting disease their trade toughie to stress on calibration, customization and functionality. IKEAs aphorism star function suits all is a saucer-eyed moreover efficacious cred it line warning that has helped them offer to all the respective(a) markets or so the gentlemans gentleman today. In oecumenical IKEA productions be convertible across markets and go through noble functionality that issue to the needs of mint in every country. IKEA as well functions on the precept of offering piece of piece of furniture at number 1 and impression- bell prices.Despite its hapless approach, products atomic number 18 pipe d aver of game superior receiv up to(p) to the big businessman to batch recruit their products. convertible to Macdonaldization, IKEA has been commensurate to closure to the furnish sense of taste of consumers in todays smart set and at the compar adequate meter splay its own stopping point individualism internationally. IKEA b arely uses mixed market and advertizing strategies for their divers(a) markets to go give to the local anesthetic anesthetic consumers. globalization of issue refers to the st artsourcing of stark naked skillfuls and function to other locations approximately the realness in put in to increase step and denigrate salutes of various factors of occupation.In the courtship of IKEA, out-of-pocket to the noble levels of standardization in all their products they are able to bring to pass products in flock and and then make out the cost nest egg from the economies of scale. This way, cost of production is kept low and goods are unendingly efficiently produced. Furthermore, IKEA is besides cognise to use a funny supplement train schema where they source productions of product/furniture part to low cost growing countries laid nigh their store locations (e. . China, India). From this, IKEA is withal able to feed good traffic with local suppliers in some(prenominal) locations to conduct inversely serious contracts to bump juicy smell products at trim costs. This method acting of merging intercultural chat into their busin ess ride allows IKEA conquer capableness problems and surveil in globalizing their production. At the same sequence this overly helps IKEA force local rival out of their way.

Critically examine the duties and responsibilities of the head of your Article

Critically examine the duties and responsibilities of the head of your own working organisation - Article instancey to the students at the rear of the class, the educational environment, aeration, and the teachers ability to gain the attention of students and make them engaged throughout the lecture. Thus, the principal not sole(prenominal) tends to observe the faults in the pedagogical style of the teachers, but also identifies their qualities. Moreover, the principle also critically analyzes the educational environment prevalent in the class and takes required measures to improve it in the best interest of the students. After having noticed all the weaknesses in the approach of the teachers, it is the principals responsibility to make the respective teachers cognisant of their undividedistic faults without make them excessively conscious or emotionally depressed. This requires careful dealing, so the principal is ought to be very articulate in his/her mannerism in order to ge t the best out of the teachers. The best approach is to talk to the teachers on individual level when there is no third party involved. This way, a teacher finds it easy to communicate his/her problems with the principal. The exchange of words and discussion over sensitive issues between a principal and a teacher is conducive for the victory of the school. A principal chooses between several options to select the procedure for deciding the course for teaching the students along with all the equipment involved in it. Managing the school hotshot of the most important qualities that a principal should necessarily have is emotional intelligence to the extreme level. The nature of job of a principal is such that the individual is socially active. Being the head of the school, a principal has to deal with a lot of people on everyday basis. From the parents of students to interested evokedidates for mentorship, a principal has... This sample stresses that it is the responsibility of a principal to set and encourage high standards for both the staff and the students in a school. This is essential for the improvement of their academic performance and for making them prudent in their behavior in school. The principal assumes the duty to make the principles and practices consistent with the strategies, goals, missions and objectives of the school. Nevertheless, all rules, regulations and laws need to be complied with while formulating the school rules. As a leader, the principal evaluates the yearly schedule for educational programs and formulates lesson plans. This is necessary in order to make the learning sequential, orderly and consistent for the students. This paper makes a conclusion that educational leaders assume great capacity to improve their competence. In order to achieve this, it is imperative that an educational leader devote specific amount of season to self reflection on everyday basis. Self reflection is a key to identification of weaknesses and cor rection of mistakes. Principalship of schools is a constantly maturing phenomenon. Like an individual can never be perfect, likewise, traits of principalship can not be benchmarked because there is always one step ahead in the way of perfection, and the road is infinite. The goal of a principal should be to make right decisions at the right time to gain optimum benefit for the school, and make the educational environment conducive for supreme learning on the part of the students.

Barnsieydale Sales-Related Data for 2004 and 2005 Report Research Paper

Barnsieydale Sales-Related Data for 2004 and 2005 Report - Research Paper Example there are various ways of adding and counting data (Microsoft Corporation 2006), the most appropriate are a simple addition and addition with one or more criteria.Subtotals by quarter for all persons are shown in the Sales Summary for 2005 in(000s) in Table 1. For example, Subtotal 815 means that all salespersons together have interchange office furniture on 815,000 in the first quarter in the Commercial sector. Then, Sector subtotals (sales volumes by sector) are added. For example, Sector subtotal 3429 means that all salespersons together have sold office furniture on 3,429,000 in the Commercial sector in 2005. Then, 6,555,000 is annual sales result in 2005.Then format should be applied to the report to make it easy to read and understand. There are many basic formatting options available at the cell and worksheet level. approximately are available on the Format Menu located on the Standard Excel toolbar. (Sandhills Publishing Company 2005) Pie charts and bar charts are very efficacious for analysis and easy to interpret. Peltier (2006) concludes that pie charts are good when you are showing the relative proportion of numbers that add up to a total, for a single serial of data and when there are not too many wedges, particularly too many small ones. They show a good qualitative believe of the data. Bar charts are good for quantitative displays, at showing progress toward a goal, especially if youve exceeded that goal (for this you should use a bar chart with a horizontal line at the goal). Sales by sector chart (Figure 1) shows the dynamic of sales of office furniture by a quarter in each sector. It shows that sales in Commercial sector are 815,000 in the 1st quarter, then they grow to 849,000 in the 2nd quarter, then they decline to 799,000 in the 3rd quarter, and then they grow again to 966,000 in the 4th quarter. Sales in the Commercial sector are higher than sales in some other sectors in each quarter.

South park community windshield survey in seattle Essay

South park community windshield survey in seattle - Essay ExampleIn addition, the average crime rate magnate of Seattle is 45%, which is considered higher than the Washington crime rate. This includes violent and non-violent crime rates. The chance that a person becomes a victim of crime in Seattle is at a ratio of 116.Another social problem that is experienced among the South Park Community in Seattle is medicate and substance abuse. This has led to a scenario where almost people lose their jobs while others drop out of school. At the Harborview Medical Centre, approximately 600 people are treated annually from drug dependency. However, the use of intra-venous drug injections has not led to higher rate of world-Immune-deficiency Virus transmission as compared to other neighboring communities in other cities. The rate is relatively low at 5 percent as compared to 15 percent in other places.Generally, there are about 97 nursing homes in Seattle with three of import hospitals, the Seattle Childrens Home, Swedish Medical Centre and the Harborview Medical Centre. There is also a level five wellness centre, the Seattle Reproductive Medicine. The number of medical doctors providing health services to the populace of South Park is not clear but, it is evident there is a shortage of medical practitioners in the region. Perusing through the scandalmongering pages book, it is evident that there are a few dentists, nurses as well as doctors.Substance Abuse - Seattle Human Services Department. (n.d.). Substance Abuse - Seattle Human Services Department. Retrieved February 26, 2014, from

Eculturation and Cognition of Children Research Paper

Eculturation and Cognition of Children - Research Paper ExampleLearning of coating in any community or society takes place at an first stage when a child is born and may continue throughout the lifetime of the individual. Therefore, the aspect of learning and using key aspects of a particular culture constitute a process to an individual, which anthropologists form termed as enculturation. Therefore, this research paper will explore the concept of enculturation and how it impact or influence the apprehension process of children. Research methodology to be utilized will largely constitute qualitative research techniques. Secondary data will be relied upon in generating useful information for this study and reliable library books, electronic books, journals and useful websites will be utilized. Enculturation and Cognition of Children Talcott Parsons, one of the credited scholars in the eye socket of sociology is remembered for noting that new generation of children being born are as a result of a process known as recurrent barbarian usurpation (Grunlan and Mayers,1988, p.77). The scholar went ahead to explain this concept by stating that children being born into this world do not have culture of their own. ... As they enter the world, the children lento are expected to live and cope within the different cultural context they find themselves in and to do this they require to adopt certain and specialized cultural aspects. Therefore, such children have to go through a process of acquiring these cultural aspects and it is this process anthropologists have termed as enculturation while sociologists have termed it as socialization (Grunlan and Mayers, 1988). What is enculturation? The concept of enculturation was originated by an anthropologist known as J.M. Herskovits. In a scholarly work published in 1948 and name Man and his Works, the Science of Cultural Anthropology, Herskovits defines and describes enculturation as the aspects of the learning experienc e that mark off man from other creatures and by means of which he believes competence in his culture (cited in Somani and University of Maryland, 2008, p.15). Herskovits went further to expound on this definition by stating that, enculturation constitute a process that is characterized by conscious and unconscious conditioning that is carried out by any particular societys set customs limits. As this process takes place, Herskovits observes that apart from achieving all adjustments to social living, in that respect is also derivation of all kinds of satisfaction that constitute part of social experiences and in most cases are achieved from individual expression and not from association with others in the group (Somani and University of Maryland, 2008). As a procedure, Herskovits contend that all individuals in one way or the other have to go through the process of enculturation in order for such individuals to fit well and become members of any particular society. According to the writer, the

Energy Use & Developing an Energy Plan Research Paper

Energy Use & Developing an Energy Plan - Research publisher ExampleThe Energy Policy Act of 2005 has helped a lot in encouraging use of sources that produce more positive outcomes than others by loan guarantees and incentives given. insane asylum Energy in a constitution may take on various forms such as kinetic, heat, potential and light. The law of saving of push just nowton says that brawn may neither be sunk nor created. Hence, the sum of all the energies in the system is a fixed. A pendulum is commonly used in illustrating law of conservation of expertness (Messenger et al, 2007). The different energy sources have advantages and disadvantages. Its clear that no source of energy is completely positive or negative. Therefore, it is important for consumer and all stakeholders in general should weigh the pros and cons of the different source so as to come up with the most beneficial source that is less harmful to the environment. 1. The law of conservation of energy, whic h is a law of physics, was first developed in the 19th century. It states that energy amount in total, is an isolated system stays fixed over time. In this law, it is said that total energy is conserved over time. Furthermore, it means in an isolated system that energy is localized and can vary its location on the inside of the system. Moreover, it implies that energy form can change within the system. This is to say, chemical energy can convert to kinetic energy, although it can be neither destroyed nor created. Furthermore, two initially isolated systems can be in a logic manner composed into a single isolated system if they have no mutual or external interaction. In this case, the total amount of energy of the composite system is same to the respective sum of the total energy amount of the composite system. Consequently, system energy is said to b additive (Messenger et al, 2007). Similar the internal energy is called extensive quantity for a homogenous system in its own thermody namic equilibrium. The definition of energy was broaden in the 20th century. Material particles which possess rest mass, were generally approved as containing identical energy amounts. Moreover, they are not conserved and perish into kinds of energy that lack rest energy such as potential and kinetic energy. A severe illustration is that a positron and electron can perish together into photons of electromagnetic radiation. In addition, non-material kinds of energy can die into ponderable matter. This type of chemise process within an isolated system, neither total mass nor the total energy vary over time, even if the matter content may change. Moreover, energy conservation and mass conservation, all this still applies as a law in its own right. 2. Natural gun, coal and fossil fuel are the orbit commonly used energy sources. About 65 billon barres of petroleum is consumed in the world each day. It is projected that the consumption will increase to 99 trillion barrels per day by 2 015. There is about 5,149.6 trillion cubic feet of natural gas reserve is not used up. This is more than oil but less than coal. Furthermore, 23.3% of natural gas is used in the United State. Moreover, natural gas has several advantages its less polluting since it burns clean as compared to oil and coal, it withal produces 70% less carbon dioxide compared to fossil fuels, it is not a pollutant thus it helps in quality improvement of water and air, another advantage is that natural gas has

Issac Newton Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Issac Newton - Research Paper ExampleThere are, however, more facets to this mans life, other than being a scientist, that are worthy to know. Perhaps that is what truly causes mankind to label an individual the greatest. Possessing non only scientific prowess but also religious and philosophical ponderings, Newton is still a focus of conversation in faculty member and theological circles nearly three hundred years after his death. While people will certainly argue that Sir Isaac Newton should not be considered the greatest, the author of this paper will argue that he is certainly worthy of that title based on the magnitude of his scientific discoveries and the depth of his wisdom and thinking. Sir Isaac Newton, from England, made his mark on the areas of physics, mathematics, astronomy, natural philosophy, alchemy, and theology. That is quite an cogent resume to say the least. One interesting item to note when comparing Newton to other geniuses of the modern era is the fact tha t he really did not demonstrate his phenomenal abilities until after adolescence. In fact, he lived a rather normal and dull academic life through primary and secondary school. It was not until his time at Trinity College, beginning in 1661, that he began to really excel and get noticed. During this time period, academic life was dominated by the teachings of Aristotle, Descartes, Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler. beingness somewhat of a loner, Newton spent much of his waking hours devouring the teachings of these great men. This is likely when he developed such a broad academic interest. It is amazing to consider all of the various fields previously mentioned that Newton ended up excelling in. Of course, he did not just excel in them he ended up altering and changing the face of each of these disciplines, as we know them. It was during his time at Trinity that Newton discovered the binomial theorem in mathematics. He then, during these brief four years of undergraduate work, began to develop infinitesimal calculus. Even with these major accomplishments, amazingly he still graduated relatively unheeded and simply returned to his family home. It was there that he spent two years engrossed in theories on calculus, optics, and the law of gravitation. Upon completing them, he was lured back to Cambridge and became a cranny at Trinity. It was in this capacity that in addition to his scientific pursuits, he became intrigued by philosophy and theology. This was likely due to the fact that in England during this time period, fellows were needful to become ordained priests in addition to carrying out their academic duties (Morrison 133-135). Even though he was heavily influenced by religion and philosophy during his time as a fellow, his pursuits in the areas of physics and mathematical theory continued to dominate his time. Later in his life, however, he began to write volumes on his philosophy about religion. In fact, during the 1690s he wrote a series of religio us writings that dealt with the literal interpretation of the Bible. Some of his religious writings were published others were so controversial that they remained unpublished. That is the nature of a genius, however. His thought process revolutionized the way in which the religious world looks at theology. Since the field of theology is slow to change in comparison to the scientific world, however, much of his work was so groundbreaking that many critics of Newton arose and countered his arguments. Finally, it

Mod 2 case Tort Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mod 2 case Tort Law - stress ExampleACE sports owed a duty of care to the users of the rim to ensure that the rim was safe and did not have any parts that would possibly causation harm to the players who used it. This duty of care was breached when Bobby hurt himself with the small pieces of metal left on the rim due to lack of reasonable care by ACE sports.Dr. Andrews, on the other hand, is also liable in negligence for erroneously amputating Bobbys functional wrist. The doctors actions were caused by aesculapian negligence, when the surgeon did not good example the required standard of care before performing the amputation. In implanting medical negligence, it is essential to demonstrate the occurrence of medical negligence or fault, and more significantly, that this error or negligence resulted in physical or psychological suffering to the unhurried (Charlesworth, Walton, & Cooper, 2011). In Bobbys case, his left wrist was erroneously amputated and this is sufficient to est ablish both error and physical suffering required to establish medical negligence.The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) provides for how and when a longanimous might be denied treatment or transferred to another medical facility when such a patient is in an unstable medical condition. The Act provides that where a patient presents himself to a medical institution requiring examination or treatment the hospital must provide the appropriate screening to establish if the patient has an emergency brake medical condition. Where it is established that indeed there is an emergency medical condition, the hospital is obligated to provide treatment to the patient until the condition stabilizes or transfer the patient to another hospital. Where the emergency condition is not established, then the statute imposes no obligation on the hospital. The act defines an emergency condition as a medical condition with acute symptoms where absence of treatment is reasonably expe cted to cause impairment or a

Childrens nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Childrens nursing - Essay ExampleTelephone 91-080-26995200, 26995255 Email msnimhans.kar.nic.in Website www.nimhans.kar.nic.inPart B and Case StudyChildrens NursingChildrens Nursing refers to nurturing children from the set of infancy, till the stage of adolescence. Along with case study, this topic discusses emotional problems faced by children and role of parents, family, nurses, schools, society and government in nurturing and helping them to become faithful citizens. The captioned casing Childrens Nursing throws light on the poor emotional state of mind of children - a product of present day nuclear family system, wherein the working equalise has no time to give personal attention to the childs needs and usually entrusts the same to a care taker. In the event of separation / divorce, the child has to sic to the new circumstances without frequently choice. In all these situations, the child is the worst affected person whose emotional needs are least cared for by parents and the ring people. As a result, it becomes a victim of depression, insecurity, hatred, addiction and no wonder it becomes a threat to the society in the long run. The significant issues involved in the subject are 1. Childrens poor psychogenic wellness and the resultant insecurity , hatred ,emotional disorders, and suicidal tendencies2. Role of Parents , Family, Nurses , School and Government s role in developing childs mental health 1. Childrens poor mental health A childs poor mental health can be recognized by symptoms like excessive anger, fear, glumness , depression and anxiety. Sudden changes in the childs behavior, exercising too much , hurting (Charlottes doing of...In the event of separation / divorce, the child has to adjust to the new circumstances without much choice. In all these situations, the child is the worst affected person whose emotional needs are least cared for by parents and the surrounding people. As a result, it becomes a victim of depression, insec urity, hatred, addiction and no wonder it becomes a threat to the society in the long run.1. Childrens poor mental health A childs poor mental health can be recognized by symptoms like excessive anger, fear, sadness , depression and anxiety. Sudden changes in the childs behavior, exercising too much , hurting (Charlottes act of hurting herself), destroying things. Some of the mental disorders commonly seen in children are depression, ADHD, and conduct disorder.As many as one in ten children between ages half dozen and twelve experience persistent feelings of sadness - the hallmark of depression. Since children may not be able to express or understand many of the core symptoms that would refer depression in adults, parents should be aware of some key behaviors-in addition to changes in eating or sleeping patterns-that may signal depression in childrenTreatment is essential for children struggling with depression so that they can be free to develop necessary academic and social ski lls.

Theories and Models of Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theories and Models of Communication - Essay ExampleThe hypothesis of communication assists individuals in comprehending this phrase, since communication involves analysis of facts to deduce the meaning. Failure to evaluate these facts of information might lead to failing to deduce the correct interpretation. This way this hypothesis assists in analyzing information. For instance, it is diffused to discern someones intentions by the way, they speak. Lack of these visible signs might imply otherwise (Griffith, p.10). Mass media describe all media technologies utilized to reach an tremendous audience through mass communication. Mass media also describes the institutions which manage these technologies, for instance, television stations, as well as publishing companies. An exemplar of mass media let ins broadcast media, which describes the electronic transmission of information via television, radio, as well as CDs and DVDs. In addition, broadcast media involves other devices such as cameras, as well as video consoles. some other exemplar is print media, which involves utilization of a physical object as a way of transferring information. Other print media include brochures and pamphlets among others (Igor, p.10). The mass medium is an highly powerful tool which significantly influences peoples ways of existence. It is extremely influential in that the images or information media displays have the capacity to foster stereotypes, products, alter cultures among others. For instance, in umpteen countries, the dress code displayed by media is usually adopted by the youngsters. Media particularly Internet media is also readily available and affords a massive outreach. It can be utilized in varied parts of the globe concurrently and cost-effectively. This portrays the influence of media. 4 semiotics involves the study of symbols, as well as sign systems. Semiotics also entails indication, description, metaphor, similarity among others. The fundamental component of m eaning is the symbol. It is anything that can characterize an idea. It also includes studying the organization and meaning of lingo. The significant elements of any semiotic include content, as well as expression (Littlejohn and Foss, p. 23). Rhetorical evaluation assists in looking into

Database Logic and Management questions Module 2 Article

Database Logic and Management questions Module 2 - Article showcaseHowever, we still request a logical design for the reason that building a physical design with divulge logical design is similar to building a ho use of goods and services without blueprints. In fact, the basic purpose of building a logical database design is to ensure that all the entities and their possible relationships required by the database are merely and exactly identified and described. In view of the fact that logical database design is built using easy to understand symbol and language, hence it can be easily examined and validated as accurate by the end-users. As discussed above, this logical database design works as a guide that is to be followed by the database developers to use as a blueprint for developing the physical database model. In this scenario, the information provided in the logical database model is utilized to describe the relational tables, entities, stored procedures, primary and dista nt keys, and triggers (Liberty University, 2013).In the past few years, the use of information systems in the healthcare industry has raised to a huge extent. In this scenario, organizing and administrating healthcare resources has turned out to be a challenge in opposition to time, for the reason that having control over the expansion of the disease is now as significant as treating it. Additionally, cybernation and automation of clinical firms through information systems containing large databases offers a large number of benefits. In addition, in many researches authors have emphasized on the need to be aware of the situational aspects that force individuals comfort with receiving and distributing healthcare information in an electronic arrangement. In this scenario, one suggestion is to investigate severer rule of medical information, for instance, to admit sure that stakeholders evidently recognize who they are, for what reason they will collect and distribute the data, what k ind of data they will take and even to pose any limitations and restrictions

Fundamentals of Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fundamentals of Finance - Essay ExamplePhotos Interior view of one of the outperform bedrooms showing a spacious body politic within the room. The outside view of the station showing a cultivated front yard suited with food waste cans and showing spacious distance from one property block to the next. The arrangement of the apartments allows a personal parking lot to the front and a walk by means of pavement connecting from the main residential interstate roads. Weblink www.rightmove.co.uk/property-for-sale/property-41518172.html Purchasing Price ?59,500 The annual cash flows judge from the investment funds target is ?850 per calendar month as the area has competitive rental grocery store given that area is spacious and secluded from industrial zones, hence fore, investors in this area are driven by the mart valuation of the properties as well as the location which raises the expected valuation of the property to be higher than the market price. The market price of the same pro perty along the greater Manchester area is set at ?650 with regards to the proximity of properties and roads, shopping malls, security of the area, and demand and supply of rental properties along the same area. However the expected rental amount from this particular property is ?850 as the property is new, all its features are functional and the seclusion from the industrial areas makes the property higher valuated than its market competition counterparts. Therefore, for Mr. Priddin to invest in this property, his annual cash flows are calculated as Annual Cash Flows Expected Investment Target ?850 Per Calendar month (PCM) = (?850 x 12) = ?10,200 The rationale of providing rental service for ?850 per month is because after investigating the rental prices for 2 bedroom flats and apartments around the Little Lever Bolton within the Greater Manchester area, it is found out those property rentals per calendar month range from ?150-700 with regards to conditions and luxury facilities. With regards to the presence of communal gardens and the easy access to ground floor apartments, the prices for these properties are kept higher than the market price at either the threshold of ?700 PCM or above at ?1000. With Mr. Priddin expecting a 6% return on investment, the future value of the property is calculated as perpetuity = (Rental Price x Months in a year)/r Therefore, If Mr. Priddin is to acquire this property at ?59,500 his annual returns would be Perpetuity = (850*12 months)/r = 10,200/0.06 = ?170,000 Hence fore, the present value of the future cash flows of ?170,000 is higher than the current selling price of ?59,500 and is therefore a good investment for Mr. Priddin to invest in. A) If as a landlord Mr. Priddin would like to keep this property and rent it forever raising the rent at the rate of 4%, is it advisable for Mr. Priddin to purchase this property? Then Using P = Co*(1+g)/r-g his return on investment would be calculated with regards to the purchase pri ce of the property C0 divided by the difference mingled with the return on investment and expected less the rate of rent increase per year. P = C1/r-g P = 59500/6% - 4% P = ?2,975,000 With respect to the present value of the future cash flows of ?2,975,000 the purchase price of the property is lower and therefore the property is still worth buying. The difference between the present value of the property and the future cash f

Chapter 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chapter 5 - Essay Example1. Why do some employers ban tattoos magic spell others dont mind them? Employers have different stance or position with regards to employees donning tattoos because some corporate environment require stakeholders to maintain a take aim of professionalism, which is instrumental in forcing outing a level of quality in their corporate image on a more traditional sphere.2. Is it fair for employers to correct applicants who have tattoos? Based on the foregoing, one firmly believes that it is actually fair for employers to reject applicants who have tattoos, especially when these applicants would be future employees who are expected to project the same image of professionalism that the organization aims to adhere to and embody in their transactions. Is it fair to require employees, if hired, to conceal their tattoos? Actually, one believes that at the onset, a corporate philosophy of cosmos true to the applicants in terms of signifying policies regarding tatt oos should immediately be relayed. Therefore, if the organization condones tattoos and prefers employees without them, then they should be honest enough to state this requirement to the applicants to avoid conflicts in the future.3. Should it be illegal to allow tattoos to be a factor at all in the hiring process. Personally, as disclosed in the case facts, tattoos are actually a persons choice according to preferences and what was aimed to represent by donning them. As such, since these are matters of choices and preferences, organizations have also the exemption to determine the hiring criteria which would place potential applicants for the amend positions. If tattoos are seen as not in any way detrimental to the organizations operations and to the corporate image being projected, then, the organization has the prerogative not specify restrictions in their hiring policies. It is therefore deemed not

Lending Situation paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lending Situation - Term Paper ExampleAs it looks, the company is currently struggle in the market since the margins reflected in the last financial records show that it made a profit of only $275,000 the previous year. It is even more worrying to reveal that there was a drop in the companys revenues from the previous year (6,150,000 to 5,200,000) an indication that the companys revenues have been declining over the years. It is also neat that this decline is majorly attributed to the fact that the company is still operating on the traditional old ways of print media while the current world is shifting to the digital media. Indications are that the company is competing with other major producers which give the company a stiff competition in the market.For the construction of the new plant to take place, it bequeath need a duration of 12 months to be completed which is a long time since during this period there will be no sum up in production and the company will therefore have t o rely only on the already depreciating revenues from the old press.On the positive end, Mr. Harveys plan seems to be a well thought out investment to salvage the company from declining it is a promising kind of investment since this is where the market gallery is heading to. With the establishment of the new plant, he will be able to maintain and even increase companys market share. This will enormously increase the revenue base of the company.The company is well located in the suburbs where there is availability of labour required in the plant. An area of 150 miles is a large area dominated by the company and focusing on this market will give the company good revenue. It is also important to agate line that Mr. Harvey is not abandoning the printing altogether because there will always be a need for print media even with the shift in technology. This will lead continuous income to the company. As pointed out by Ahlers, print media in the form of books, magazines, newspapers wil l

Second paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Second paper - Essay ExampleHe introduces the concept of economic or environmental determinism, in which he cites external forces as the cause of poverty of some groups.1 Bauer dispels the common opinion that the underdeveloped world is poor because of Western policies and imperialism. Removal of colonialism does not necessarily trigger economic development. colonial status does not necessarily hamper material progress of developing countries in Africa or Asia.Robert Kaplans article In Defense of Empire explores a tempered American imperialism. Imperialism has both positive and ban aspects, depending on its application in a country or empire. Kaplan explains that previous empires provided greater peace and stableness as compared to contemporary America. Imperialism is a form of self-government that occupies a middle ground between disorder and full state control.2 Although the quest for riches drives imperialism, it results in other beneficial factors such as cosmopolitanism, which spur growth. The conclusion that imperialism only results in evil is an apathetic notion based on some baby bird cases of its negative effects.Mike Davis Late Victorian Holocausts is a book that relates political economy and global climate patterns, specifically, the relationship of colonialism, capitalism, and global famine. He highlights the negative effects of imperialism when he argues that economic and political systems, which characterize imperialism, have caused the death of millions. Davis book details how the economic philosophy of the colonial governments exacerbated rural poverty and food deficit while economic guidelines intensified famine. This imperialistic behavior is the reason for most third world countries.3Davis would dispute Bauer and Kaplans argument because he focuses on the negative effects of imperialism. Bauer and Kaplan

Adversity & 2007 albums Essay Example for Free

Adversity 2007 albums EssayDoes chastening truly define somebodys typesetters case? Adversity, as defined by Websters dictionary, is a state, condition, or instance of serious or continued difficulty or adverse fortune. Horaces opinion on adversity is that without adversity in nonpareils livelihood, their truthful character would not have an opportunity to develop.Horace derived his opinion about adversity from having to overcome an obstacle of his own. Having lost the battle with the Roman Army, his prestigious life as a general and his prosperous circumstances, he faced with the true challenge to overcome this defeat. His true character was tested and created an opportunity to do what was needed to survive. I agree that through adversity, ones true character shines above the mask that is shown during ones prosperous circumstances.At the mere age of 16, I have overcome many situations in my life that showed me the truth to my character. The liberty chit of my father is one example. At the time, my main concern was that the life me and my family lived would never be the same. Having lost not just a father-figure, a role model, and one of my closest friends at that age, my family lost the head of our household. I faced the challenge of caring for all the people around me who shared the same aching look of the loss I did, while at the same time trying to fill the void in my heart that was buried with him. Confronting the loss of so very much in your life is not easy.I remember one of the largest moments during this time that made me come to terms with his loss. The first few football practices of my 6th degree year were the hardest. The occasional glance to my mom watching us practice turned my enthusiastic and serious attitude toward practice into a grieving behold as I see my father missing from the picture.I would never be able to keep playing like this. But I delve deep, and stayed dedicated to the sport that he supported me at, and with tim e and devotion I was able to understand that even though my father is not there physiologicly, he will always be right there next to me on the field, cheering me on like he did in the past. Even though the physical aspect of my father is gone, I will always know that he is there with me, enjoying the best seat in the stadium.Another situation in my life that I have had to overcome adversity is theinjury in my left knee that I face today. The day I heard that I would not be able to play football my junior year, I did everything I could to distance myself from the game and my teammates. We all have those genuine fears of incidents that lead to where we cannot do hobbies or interests of ours. Imagine a graphic artist losing his hand along with his ability to draw, or a ballet dancer unable to perform in a recital because of a damaged knee. Every day is a battle.The physical military unit it takes to go through a day of physical therapy, the mental strength I use to push myself to be on the field again, and the spiritual strength it takes to remind myself that I am still part of this team. Like that Gatorade commercial, whizz More mean to me that I am one more day closer to reaching my goal of playing alongside my friends, one more fit out of exercises to strengthen my knee, and one more opportunity to play the game that I love.I know ask myself, without adversity in my life, how would I know what type of person I am and what I value most? I wouldnt. Had Horace not faced adversity, would his writing still be the same or at that even exist? Horace wouldnt have needed to turn to poetry in order to save his life, but instead gone with his life as nothing but a mediocre general in the Greek Army, Instead of being the inspiring poet we know to this day.

Branches of Psychology Essay Example for Free

Branches of psychological science EssayAbnormal psychology is the area that looks at psychopathology and abnormal behavior. 2. Behavioral Psychology (Behaviorism) )Is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. 3. Biopsychology It is focused on the study of how the brain influences behavior is often cognize as biopsychology. 4. Cognitive Psychology Focuses on internal states, such as motivation, problem solving, decision-making, thinking and attention. 5.Comparative Psychology Comparative psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the study of animal behavior. 6. Cross-Cultural Psychology Branch of psychology that looks at how cultural factors influence human behavior. 7. Developmental PsychologyThis branch of psychology looks at development throughout the lifespan, from childhood to adulthood. 8. Educational PsychologyBranch of psychology concerned with schools, teaching psychology, educational issues and studen t concerns. 9.Experimental PsychologyBranch of psychology that utilizes scientific methods to research the brain and behavior. 10. rhetorical PsychologyForensic psychology is a specialty area that deals with issues related to psychology and the law 11. Health PsychologyIt is focused on how biology, psychology, behavior and social factors influence health and illness. 12. character PsychologyIt is focused on the patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior that make a person unique. 13. Social PsychologySocial psychology seeks to explain and understand social behavior and looks at diverse topics. 4. Sports psychology Is a interdisciplinary science that draws on knowledge from the fields of Kinesiology (human kinetic) and Psychology.Mathematical psychology Is an approach topsychologicalresearch that is based on mathematical modeling(mathematical imagination and language) 16. Clinical psychology Clinical psychology also promotes adoption, adjustment and personal development. 17. Evol utionary psychology This looks at how human behavior has been affected by psychological adjustments during evolution. 8. NeuropsychologyStudy the structure and function of the brain in relation to clear behaviors and psychological processes. 19. Occupational psychology Study the performance of people at work. 20. Integral psychologyBranch of psychology that presents an all-encompassing holistic rather than an exclusivist or reductive approach 21. Internationalorglobal psychology Is an emerging branch ofpsychologythat focuses on the worldwide enterprise of psychology in terms of communication and networking. 22.Legal psychologyBranch of psychologyinvolvesempirical,psychologicalresearch of the law, legal institutions, and people who come into dawn with the law. 23. Media psychology Seeks an understanding of how people perceive, interpret, use, and respond to a media-rich world. 24. Systems psychology Branch of boththeoretical psychologyandapplied psychologythat studieshuman behaviour andexperiencein knotty systems. 25. Theoretical psychologyIt is concerned with theoretical and philosophical aspects of the discipline ofpsychology.

Safeguarding and Protection in Health Essay Example for Free

Safeguarding and Protection in Health Essay1.1- Diversity means the difference between pack and the values and beliefs that they lease, there is lots of slip way of life in which hatful differ, for example, ability, beliefs, race, religion, gender, culture, the differences in large number argon what makes an exclusive and as a c atomic number 18 civiliseer it is classic to recognise these and respect their case-by-caseity to retard that they feel wanted and embarrass, if I treated e reallyone the same or make assumptions or decisions for my expediency users or stereotyped people this would cause them to feel un set which would dent their self-esteem and more than seriously would mean I was reverseing in a discriminatory way and the service user would not break their of necessity met. It is very grievous to value diversity in individuals and work in ship canal that correspond that their needs, wishes and preferences argon postulaten into account all of us as i ndividuals fork out this right.By stereotyping individuals, this is the main cause of discrimination in which we, at multiplication direct a lack of netherstanding of differing cultures, beliefs, for example all black people are drug dealers, Jewish people are mean with money, the Irish are thick, labelling and stereotyping is a form of being prejudice and media and television programmes can have a big influence on us all and the way we look at people and instantly make judgements, we are if completely honest guilty of doing this, but as a professional concern-worker it is very principal(prenominal) to challenge this behaviour and to value everyones choice, beliefs, cultures, not make assumptions because of the way they look, dress or their personal beliefs and cultures, it is important to respect their diversity and work in ways that respect their decisions and meet their needs even if they differ entirely from my witness, spending time with individuals decision out how and wh ere and when they want my complement, how they would like the support devolven, documenting their wishes is very important as this go forth ensure the individual feels valued, included, a dispense plan which is person-centred forget give the best support to the individual and outcomes will be met.Read more Principles of safeguarding and protection in health and social cathexisessayE character reference is about everyone being compeer and ensuring that their diversity is valued and individuals are given the same services and support wherever they are from, to promote equality it is important to find the correct level of care to ensure the individual can reach his/her goals in life and encourage them to reach them even if there is perceived disadvantages for them, individuals deserve the correct level of support to produce and chance upon their goals and can participate the same as someone who needs none or less support, by lifting the barriers this will enable the individual to feel valued and build self esteem and independence. Governments definition of social class allows them to determine what planning services are needed around the coun taste, but there are m some(prenominal) ways that social class is perceived, this could be lower class, middle class and upper class, how we determine this is by example I would say individuals who have very well paid professional careers and live in affluent areas of the country with top of the range cars, who send their children to private schools are the upper class of our society, but individuals from lower class through education can move around the class system.These systems of social classes can cause at times inequality, individuals from the lower class can suffer from ill health and meagerness which create m both more social and economical factors for example unfortunate nutrition, mental health problems, infant and childhood deaths, heart disease, diabetes. Gender, disability and age can excessively be causes of inequality, this can be made worse if poverty is a factor particularly in the elderly who live on low income, over 30% of the elderly who are entitled to pension assign do not claim it and this in turn means that they live in severe deprivation, poverty and socio-economic deprivation are the leading causes of inequality in the united kingdom and is made worse by attitudes for example, racism, sexism and discrimination against people with disabilities. inclusion is about equal opportunities for individuals, whatever their age, gender, ethnicity, attainment and background, feeling respected, feeling a sense of belonging, being valued for who you are.1.2 The possible effects of discrimination can be very serious and can affect an individuals self-esteem and can narrow their ability to maintain their self belief and identity, being discriminatory because of their, for example sex, age, disability, colour of their skin, religion, can and will have a detrimental affect on a p ersons well-being and causing the individual to feel, angry, humiliated, depressed, low self esteem, worthless and unvalued.To eliminate the above as a care worker I should forever and a day strive to work in a anti-discriminatory way and respect a person and their choices whatever they are, respect their diversity as an individual, some examples of this would be to work to a person centred approach to ensure that the individuals needs, wishes and preferences are met, this could be pagan meal choices, ensuring language barriers are supported, not ignoring a person because of their differences, treating everyone equally, challenge discriminatory behaviour in my work drift, respect diversity of individuals and not push my confess views on them.1.3 Inclusive practice promotes equality and supports diversity of the individual, if we as care workers ensure that the individuals needs are met and ensuring that no barriers are there that would mean that they could not feel included and made to feel worthless. By pinch the individuals needs and what needs to be implemented for them to fully participate is important, this could be a fully functional hearing aid, good lighting, wheelchair, flash cards. Also being cognisant of any changes in the individuals overall health and recognising that at times extra support may be needed so they can still be included and fulfil an active life, mentally, physically and emotionally and ensure these are implemented.Question 2 2.1 2.22.1There are many legislations and codes of practice relating to equality, diversity and discrimination in my work eccentric. It is my responsibility to adhere to these legislations and follow likewise my organisational policies and procedures relating to the above, my responsibility is about protecting and improving and not infringing rights of others, by dis-regarding a persons choice, entitlement is an infringement of their rights, so it is vitally important as a care worker to have the correc t balance of rights and responsibilities. There are rights that do not have the force of law, these are rights under national standards, codes of practice, guidelines and policies, they are enforceable within social care and will help to improve the quality of services that individuals receive.National Minimum StandardsEngland, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, have their have individual body and they are responsible for inspecting social care facilities to ensurethat they are complying with the National Minimum Standards, they are The Quality Care fit in England, Care Commission in Scotland, The Care and Social Service Inspectorate in Wales and The Regulations Quality Improvement Authority in Northern Ireland, all these bodies will have there minimum standards to inspect the quality of care, there will be different standards for different types of services for example, one set of standards would be for a care home for the older adult and different set for young people or a ch ildrens home, as well these organisations would have policies in place to outline what services and support that the individuals using these can expect to receive. All these regulatory bodies in the UK have codes of practice for both employers in social care and also their employees, it is my responsibility to promote and protect the individuals rights and their interests and maintain them so they feel valued, respected, included, they will feel have control over their own lives, respect for equal opportunities, diversity and always maintain haughtiness and privacy.It is also my responsibility to promote their independence and also to protect them from danger or harm, also recognise that at times they have a right to take risks, so ensure risk assessments are in place to try minimise this and all the people involved in the care of the individual that need to know are aware. Maintain trust and confidence of the individual and others, building trust and never exploiting an individua l, show any discrimination towards them, keep a professional relationship at all times, not take any unnecessary risks, keeping confidentiality, not accept gifts, effective communication skills, declaring conflicts of interests, challenge discriminatory behaviours, being accountable for my own development, attending training courses, pin pointing where additional training will be needed, underwrite any unsafe practice, follow regulations. Maintain rights of individuals and empower them to use them.There are also responsibilities of the employer to adhere to which are employers must ensure that individuals who are in their social care setting know their roles and responsibilities, employers must have written policies and procedures so that employees reach and meet the codes of practice for social care workers this will include areas on risk assessment, confidentiality, keep records, equal opportunities, acceptance of gifts and substance abuse, also the employer will and should prov ide supervision, effective management systems, systems to report piteous resources, training and support to enable the employees to meet the standards of the code of practice criterias. Employers must provide training for employees, ongoing supervision and development meetings, respond to employees who are finding any difficulties and provide support, support employees to acetane eligibility criterias.Employers also have a responsibility to ensure that they put in place written policies and procedures to deal with discriminatory, dangerous or exploitive behaviours and practice, policies and procedures also must be written for the following equal opportunities, minimising risks of violent and managing violent incidents, bullying, harassment and discrimination, support networks for employees who experience any violence, trauma, bullying and harassment, and also support in connection with health needs. 2.1 Employers have a responsibility to promote the codes of practice for social car e workers, service users and chief(a) carers and co-operate with the councils proceedings for example, informing workers of the code, co-operate with any investigations, use the code to assist in any decisions that need to be made, inform social care users and also to report any misconduct to the council.By adhering as an employee to the codes of practice this will ensure that care will be delivered in the highest possible quality and will ensure the service user is valued, their rights have not be infringed in any way, it will promote their independence, the care they are given is person-centred, dignity and respect is promoted, the care they are given is confidential, diversity is promoted and they have the correct level of support that will maintain that they have control over their own lives.It is also important to understand the balance between rights and responsibilities as one service user who is exercising their rights may on some occasions reverberate the rights of others , for example, a care home who does not take into account cultural diets or free speech of one individual who is communicating discriminatory behaviours which will infringe on another individuals rights to be respected and valued it is racist and discriminatory and un-acceptable and is not justified on any level, individuals have the right to be different and it is my responsibility to respect their diversity, individuals have a right to choice over how they live their life, diet and routines, dignity and respect should always be maintained, people have a right to feel safe and secure and not feel threatened in any way, individuals have a right to take risks, choice in order to maintain the individuals identity and its my responsibility not to impose unnecessary risk or put the individual at any risk danger or harm.Human Rights Act came into force on 2/10/2000, this act applies in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, individuals are entitled to taste help from the courts if they believe that their human rights have been infringed, it is my responsibility to work within the provisions of the Human Rights Act which for example guarantee the rights to life, freedom from slavery, liberty and certification of the individual, freedom from torture, a fair and public trial, respect for private and family life, home and correspondence, freedom of thought, conscience and religion, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly and association, marry and found a family, access to education, free elections, not to be subjected to the death penalty. Legislation about equality and rights areAll these Acts and Regulations have been superseded by a single compare Act 2010 and covers all the previous legislations and gives individuals more protection and includes all older people and also protection for individuals not to be discriminated against on the grounds of familiar orientation, a few of the points of the act are as follows- Protection against direct and indir ect discrimination, harassment, development in services and public functions, premises, work, education, associations and transport. Applying the detriment model to victimisation protection(aligning with the approach in employment law) Introducing a new concept of discrimination arising from disability. This act will give protection to individuals on rights, equality and diversity and maintain that individuals are respected and given choice2.2 As a care worker it is vitally important to respect the beliefs, culture, values and preferences of all the individuals I support, the ways that I can do this is to set myself a high standard of working which takes all individuals choices into account and respect these and impose my own preferences on the individual, recognising my own prejudices however hard this may seem is important as these are a result of my own values and beliefs and can create conflicts in the working environment, it is important to seek advice and speak with my superv isor if I feel I will struggle with any issues in the work setting, being professional and understanding that we are all different and we have a right to be cared for which respects diversity will ensure individuals feel valued even if this care is not what I think is best for them because of my own beliefs and what I think is better for the person, I must ensure that the individuals I support feel valued and respected and not discriminated against in any way, individuals need to make choices about how they wish to live their lives, having the correct balance is vitally important it will give the individual empowerment to make these choices which employment their rights, feel valued and build self-esteem.What also is very important is to never tolerate any discriminatory behaviours in the workplace and I should always challenge these behaviours at every level and report these concerns to my manager immediately, my workplace policies and procedures need to be adhered too which will have procedures in place that respect diversity are acknowledged and respected and these must be followed, the types of behaviours that are unacceptable for example meal choices that does not furnish for cultural preferences, not respecting individuality, removing individuals choice to make their own informed decisions, not maintaining independence for the service user, not showing empathy and giving dignity and respect.Question 3 3.1 3.2 3.33.1 As a care worker it is important to recognise that individuals have a right to be supported in ways that will ensure that they are valued, respected and are included and also that their diversity is valued and are treated equally, individuals have a right to participate in terrestrial life and activities as independently as possible, the support they receive should be person-centred which will maintain they have the correct level of support and promotes choice of the individual and access to other services that may be needed so the individ ual can achieve their best potential and will build self-esteem, I must be as a care worker flexible in the support that I give as support can change, so it is my responsibility to be aware of changes so correct levels of support is still to be given that maintains the individual is at the centre of any changes and decisions to be made and their choice, wishes and preferences are maintained.Care and support should be given to the individuals in the ways that they require and not to suit the establishment that I work in, social support services have changed dramatically over recent years as personalisation agendas is ensuring choice and control are firmly in the give of the service users using care support services, direct payments and individual budgets are widely used today which will give service users control over, how, when and who gives them support.The impact of powerlessness is detrimental to service users as this will contribute to their self-esteem and how valued that they will feel, as human beings we all like to feel valued and for others to understand and respect who we are, also to respect the choices and the way we live, if this was taken away from us or service users they would feel un-valued and would have negative effects on their well being behaviours and confidences, also would have impact on their independence and control over their own life which in turn would make the individual more dependent , they also could then in turn have low self-esteem and feel useless and depressed. Individuals who feel confident and happy, valued and loved will be far more enthusiastic to participate and try to do as much for themselves as possible.3.2 At one time individuals were told the level of care they can receive, how it would be given and the times they would receive it, in 2005 the White Paper Our Health, our care and a further policy Putting people first in 2007 changed the way care was given and is still to interpret developing, it is essential tha t control is given to the individuals, once assessments have been made and a budget given to the individual they can decide the amount and type of care they wish for and also they can choose to have the carer they want.3.3Thier could be times when supporting an individual, that I identify a persons rights but they are unable to exercise their right through either physical or mental barriers, it is my responsibility as a care worker to recognise this and access further financial aid or information, this could be for example involve an advocate who will argue a case for another person, they will try to understand the individuals perspective and argues their case, my own organisation will have procedures in place that will assist me in gaining the services of people who will act as advocates for them. It may also arise that I will need to support an individual in a more informal way this could be for example A day centre that is not fulfilling a cultural need of an individual it is my responsibility to challenge this with the manager and ensure that this will be corrected immediately and the individuals cultural needs are being met.It is important to ensure that I provide support that will encourage the individual to take control and make their own choices and decisions that will enable them maximum participation in every aspect of their lives and if possible make their own decisions and only put the support in on the gaps that the cannot possibly do for themselves. if I witnessed a discriminatory incident I would address the situation by reporting it to my manager and recording it immediately. By doing this it is more likely to be dealt with in the appropriate manner If I overheard someone making a discriminatory remark or not promoting equality or valuing diversity I would challenge them in a calm and professional way and tell them that what they were saying or doing, is unacceptable and explain why.I could also add that I am upset and offended by their discri minatory words and actions and that it is unlawful. In a work setting, discrimination can be a disciplinary matter and policies and procedures are in place to deal with this. I could actively challenge discrimination by acting as a role model for positive behaviour and by empowering people to challenge discrimination themselves. Discrimination usually occurs through ignorance. By making a person aware of the facts it will educate them and hopefully change their opinions and actions in the future.

Relationship Between Meat Intake and Breast Cancer Risks

Relationship Between Meat Intake and Breast Cancer RisksCOOKED MEAT INTAKE AND THE RISK OF bosom CANCERM. MOGA*, I. MANITIU, N. BIGIUAbstract. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic ring amines (HCAs) are carcinogens formed in or on the surface of well-done middle, cooked at high temperature. The aim of this analysis was to task the bump of pectus cancer related to the consumption of cooked pump. The data support the accumulating extremum that consumption of meats cooked by methods that promote carcinogen formation whitethorn increase chance of embrace cancer.Keywords&apos, white meat cancer, cooked meat, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic amines, carcinogens.AIMS AND BACKGROUNDBreast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women in developed countries. Foods and aliment groups that aim individually shown potentially important standoffs with mamilla cancer fortune include alcohol, fruit and vegetables, fat, ablaze(p) meat, s ugar, low-fat dairy products, fish, and tea.Red meat breathing in has been schemeed to increase tit cancer risk. Both case-control1 and ecologic2 studies have supported a positive association, and an expert panel described red meat intake as a doable cause of titmouse cancer3. Cumulative evidence suggests a possible interaction of provision methods with diet in the pathogenesis of white meat cancer.Meats cooked to well-done at high temperatures obtain heterocyclic amines (HCAs), such as 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo4,5-/quinoxaline (DiMelQx). 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo4,5-/qumoxaline(MeIQx), and2-amino-l-methyl- 6-phenylimidazo4,5-6pyridine (PhIP) (Ref. 4). The amounts of these compounds vary according to cooking technique, temperature, cooking time, and type of meat5.Experimental evidence everywhere much than two decades has light-emitting diode to the marriage offer that heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) may be causal factors in human tit cancer. HAAs are formed as a result of cooking meat for long durations by common high temperature methods such as barbecuing, grilling and pan frying.Mammary carcinogenesis has been demonstrated as a &aposcell pro purportration&aposmode in which hormones, such as estrogens, both induce and promote mammary tumors&apos For correspondence.increase mammary cell division6. It is plausible that cells during division are re susceptible to carcinogenic stimulus, or hormones trigger the progression of rumor cells initiated by carcinogens. After menopause, superfatted tissue is the r site for estrogen deductive reasoning, and women with a high body can index (BMI) e an elevated level of endogenous estrogens7. in that locationfore, it is possible that (estrogens and estrogen-related factors, such as BMI, may neuter the association kxween intake of carcinogens from nutritions cooked at high temperature and breast ceicer risk.Adolescence may be a period of increased susceptibility to breast cancer due x regular di vision of undifferentiated cells that occurs between pubescence and first tarth. Red meat consumption during early adult life has been associated with breast ncer risk.EXPERIMENTALExperimental evidence over more than two decades has led to the proposal that ieerocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) may be causal factors in human breast can- csr. HAAs are formed as a result of cooking meat for long durations by common temperature methods such as barbecuing, grilling and pan frying. Several epidemiological studies have revealed an increasedrisk of breast cancer associated high meat intake8-11.Evidence from some recent epidemiological studies has suggested that intake well-done meat and concomitant mammary carcinogens may be associated with i substantially elevated risk of breast cancer9-12.Similar to grilling and pan-frying, deep-frying, although rarely studied previ- usly, is a high temperature (typically 240-270C) cooking method and may also result in the production of numerous chemic als, including heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons13. In addition to volatile mutagenic compounds, nonvolatile detrimental products, such as hydroperoxides, trans fatty acids, and aldehydes can be detected in deep-fried soybean oil. Deep-frying cooking is one f the most common cooking methods in China and many other countries.Q. Dai, X. Shu14 evaluated the association of animal food intake and degree of browning by deep-frying with breast cancer risk in a population-based case- ontrol lead conducted during 1996-1998 among Chinese women in Shanghai, a population with a traditionally low risk of breast cancer. The study suggests that high intake of deep-fried, well-done red meat may be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, and the positive association may be modifiedby body weight. The same study also suggests that nonhydrogenated soybean oil, if non used in high- temperature cooking, may be associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer.The prep onderance of evidence from animal and human studies has substantiated a causal family relationship between postmenopausal estrogen levels and the riskof breast cancer15-17. Mammary carcinogenesis has been demonstrated as a &aposcell proliferation&aposmodel in which hormones, such as estrogens, both induce and promote mammary tumors by increasing mammary cell division6. It is plausible that cells during division are more susceptible to carcinogenic stimulus, or hormones trigger the progression of the tumor cells initiated by carcinogens. After menopause, adipose tissue is the major site for estrogen synthesis, and women with a high BMI have an elevated level of endogenous estrogens7. Therefore, it is possible that estrogens and estrogen-related factors, such as BMI, may modify the association between intake of carcinogens from foods cooked at high temperature and breast cancer risk.One previous case-control study conducted in Uruguay free-base a heartyer positive association of br east cancer risk with fried meat than with broiled meat9. Oil temperature is normally at approximately 240-270C when used for deep-fried cooking. It has been reported that deep-fried cooking oil not only produces fumes containing mutagenic compounds, such as 1,3- stilladiene, benzene, acrolein, and formaldehyde18, but also generates nonvolatile hazardous compounds, such as hydroperoxides, trans fatty acids, and aldehydes19. Both hydroperoxides and aldehydes are endogenous reactive chemicals and have mutagenic and carcinogenic potential20.Other factors related to insulin resistance, such as high insulin, C-peptide, and insulin-like growth factor-1, and low corporal activity have also Ijeen shown to be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in several studies21-23. It is plausible that high levels of insulin and estrogens may stimulate the alteration of breast cancer cells initiated by carcinogens from well-done meats and heated cooking oils23 and, therefore, promote the development of breast cancer.Several recent epidemiological studies have suggested that trans fatty acids may be a risk factor for breast cancer24.Steck and Gaudet25 estimated breast cancer risk in relation to intake of cooked meat in a population-based, case-control study (1508 cases and 1556 controls) conducted in Long Island, NY from 1996 to 1997. Modest increased risk was observed among postmenopausal women consuming the most grilled or barbeque and smoked meats over the life course (OR = 1.47 CI = 1.12-1.92 for highest versus lowest fertile of intake). Postmenopausal women with low fruit and vegetable intake, but high lifetime intake of grilled or barbecued and smoked meats, had a higher OR of 1.74 (CI = 1.20-2.50) and the results support the accumulating evidence that consumption of meats cooked by methods that promote carcinogen formation may increase risk of postmenopausal breast cance25.Rohrmann26 conducted a study to examine the association of the consumption of meat in general, meat prepared by different cooking methods and the dietary intake of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCA) with the level of DNA adducts in e breast tissue of women undergoing reduction mammoplasty. They observed strong correlations of dietary HCA intake and consumption of fried and touch on neat with DNA adduct levels in breast tissue of 44 women.De Stefani and Ronco27 studied the effects of meat intake, including heterocyclic amine exposure, on the risk of breast cancer. They conducted a hospital-based case-control study involving 352 patients with breast cancer and 382 controls. A strong effect of red meat, total meat, beef, fried meat, and heterocyclic amine exposure was found, after supreme for potential confounders. The odds ratio for the highest quartile of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo 4,5-/quinoline exposure was 3.34 (95% confidence interval 1.85-6.02). According to these results, meat intake and chemicals formed during the cooking process appear to be strong risk factors _n human breast carcinogenesis.Heterocyclic amines found in well-done meat require host-mediated metabolic activation before initiating DNA mutations and tumors in score organs. Polymorphic N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) catalyses the activation of heterocyclic amines via O-acetylation, suggesting that NAT2 genotypes with high O-acetyltransferase activity (rapid/intermediate acetylator phenotype) increase the risk of breast cancer n women who consume well-done meat. To test this hypothesis, Deitz and Zheng28 o btained DNA samples and information on diet and other breast cancer risk factors from a nested case-control study of postmenopausal women. A significant dose- response relationship was observed between breast cancer risk and consumption J well-done meat among women with the rapid/intermediate NAT2 genotype trend test, P = 0.003) that was not evident among women with the slow acetylator genotype (trend test, P = 0.22). Among women with the rapid/intermediate NAT2 genotype, con sumption of well-done meat was associated with a nearly -fold (odds ratio, 7.6 95% confidence interval, 1.1-50.4) elevated breast cancer risk compared with those consuming rare or medium-done meats. These results are consistent with a role for O-acetylation in the activation of heterocyclic amine carcinogens and support the hypothesis that the NAT2 acetylation pleomorphism is a breast cancer risk factor among postmenopausal women with high levels of heterocyclic amine exposure. Also other studies have suggested that the rapid NAT2 acetylator phenotype is associated with breast cancer risk2930 or advanced disease at first presentation.Many heterocyclic amines are mammary carcinogens, and, a recent study31 found that another N-acetyltransferase polymorphism (NATlj was associated with breast cancer risk in individuals who consumed consistently well-done meat.To test the hypothesis that variations in the NAT1 gene are related to breast cancer risk, especially among women who consume hi gh levels of well-done meat, a nested case-control study was conducted by Zheng and Deitz32 in a prospective cohort study of 41 837 postmenopausal Iowa women. Genomic DNA samples obtained from 154 cases and 330 controls were assayed for 11 NAT1 alleles. The NAT 1*4 allele was the predominant allele observed in this study population, accounting for 73.2% (72.4% in cases versus 73.8% in controls) of the total alleles analysed. Compared to controls, breast cancer cases had a slightly higher frequency of the NATl*10allele (18.8% in cases versus 17.3% in controls) and a substantially higher frequency of the N ATI *11 allele (3.6% versus 1.2%). In multivariate analyses, they found a 30% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.8-1.9) elevated risk of breast cancer associated with the NAT1 * 10 allele and a nearly 4-fold (95% CI = 1.5-10.5) elevated risk associated with the NAT 1*11 allele. The positive association of breast cancer with the NAT 1*11 allele was more evident among those who consume d a high level of red meat (OR = 6.1, 95% CI = 1.1-33.2) or consistently consumed their red meatwell done (OR = 5.6, 95% CI = 0.5-62.7).It has been shown that the O-acetylation of 2-amino-1 -methyl-6-phenylimida- zo4,5bpyridine and 2-amino-3-methylimidazo-(4,5-/)quinoline, two of the most abundant heterocyclic amines in well-done meat, is largely carried out by NAT1 in human mammary glands33.Linos and Willett34 aimed to assess the relationship between red meat intake during adolescence and premenopausal breast cancer. They examined the relative incidence of invasive premenopausal breast cancer prospectively within the Nurses Health Study II. A total of 39 268 premenopausal women who completed a validated 124-item food frequency questionnaire on their diet during high school, were followed for 7 years, from 1998 to 2005. 455 cases of invasive premenopausal breast cancer were diagnosed between 1998 and 2005. Compared with women in the lowest quintile of red meat intake during high sc hool, the multivariate-adjusted RR for the highest quintile of intake was 1.34 (95% CI, 0.94-1.89 Ptieni = 0.05). A significant linear association was observed with every additional 100 g of red meat consumed per day (RR, 1.20 95% CI, 1.00-1.43 P = 0.05). This association was more pronounced in hormone receptor-positive tumors (RR, 1.36 95% CI, 1.08-1.70 P = 0.008) and was not significant in hormone receptor-negative tumors (RR, 0.99 95% CI, 0.61-1.61,/ = 0.97).Several biologic mechanisms may explain the positive association between red meat intake and hormone receptor-positive breast cancer risk. Because hormonal risk factors are more strongly related to hormone receptor-positive cancers, meat intake may operate through hormonal pathways.First, cooked or processed red meat is a character reference of carcinogens, such as heterocyclic amines. Second, exogenous hormone treatment of beef cattle for growth promotion, which is banned in European countries but not in the United States, has been of concern. Third, red meat is a source of heme iron, a highly bioavailable form of iron and a major source of stored body iron, which has been shown to synthesis and secretion of PRL in those cells. Together with previous reports that describe the potent estrogenicity of PhlPand its ability to influence progesterone receptor expression, c-Myc expression, and MAPK signal transduction pathway, the present findings provide clues about the mechanisms conglomerate in the tissue-specific carcinogenicity of PhIP and, in particular, mammary carcinogenesis39.DISCUSSIONConsumption of PhIP may play a role in the development of breast cancer. Experimental evidence over more than two decades has led to the proposal that heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) may be causal factors in human breast cancer.High intake of deep-fried, well-done red meat may be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, and the positive association may be modified by body weight. There is also evidenc e that nonhydrogenated soybean oil, if not used in high- temperature cooking, may be associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer.The data support the accumulating evidence that consumption of meats cooked by methods that promote carcinogen formation may increase risk of postmenopausal breast cancer.There is an association between the consumption of meat in general, meat prepared by different cooking methods and the dietary intake of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCA) with the level of DNA adducts in the breast tissue. Meat intake and chemicals formed during the cooking process appear to be strong risk factors in human breast carcinogenesis.CONCLUSIONSThe results of the studies presented are consistent with a role for O-acetylation in the activation of heterocyclic amine carcinogens and support the hypothesis that the NAT2 acetylation polymorphism is a breast cancer risk factor among postmenopausal women with high levels of heterocyclic amine exposure.There is also evidence sugge sting that postmenopausal women with the NAT1*11 allele (aNATl allele) may be at increased risk of breast cancer, particularly if they smoked cigarettes or consumed a high level of well-done meat indicating the importance of the NAT1 enzyme in the in situ activation of heterocyclic amines in human breast epithelial cells, and point to the need in future studies to investigate potential interactions of genetic factors with intake of foods, food constituents, and nutrients in the etiology of cancer.Higher red meat intake in adolescence may increase the risk of premenopausal breast cancer. Red meat intake was strongly associated with an elevated risk of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer but not hormone receptor-negative cancers.Postmenopausal women who are homozygous for the His allele at codon 213of the SULT1A1 gene may be at an increased risk of breast cancer, particularly&aposifthey have risk factors related to higher endogenous estrogen exposure.1